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What is CRM? The effective use of all available resources needed to complete a safe and efficient flight.
 
Why is it important?  To optimize performance and reduce pilot error.  As a result of the benefits of CRM, the FAA & ICAO mandates CRM training for all air carriers.  The result is CRM/LOFT training.

Goals of CRM

• KNOWLEDGE of concepts and procedures
• ATTITUDE which recognizes the importance of good aircrew coordination to safety.
• SKILLS to effect implementation of knowledge

Cause of Accidents

Typical errors:

• Loss of situational awareness
• Violation of FAR 
• Departure from proven procedures
• Poor judgment or decision making
• Preoccupation with minor mechanical problems
• Inadequate leadership - Failing to:
Delegate tasks
Assign meaningful responsibilities
Set priorities
Lack of monitoring
Failure to use available information
Failure to communicate plans, problems, etc.

Risk Evaluation Model:

• AIRCRAFT: Appropriately equipped? Capable? Airworthy?
• ENVIRONMENT: Weather? Terrain? Obstacles? Hazards?
• SITUATION: Changes? Alternatives? Evaluate effects?
• OPERATIONS: Have I done this before? What difficulties are involved? what if it doesn't go as planned?
• PERSONNEL: Qualifications? Currency? Fatigue? Illness? Stresses?

Crew Coordination Cycle

Decision Making Model

• Human performance is reduced
• Expected performance is too high

Human Performance suffers when:

• Fatigue
  
• Stress
• Physiological degradation
• Overload
• Distractions

Performance falls below standards when:

• Excessively high workload
• Inadequate training
• Unrealistic performance goals

Eliminating Pilot error starts with:

• Attitude - hazardous attitudes, I'M SAFE
• Skills - On-going Training
• Knowledge - Policy, regulations, SOP
• Risk management
• Appropriate mission planning & brief
• Recognize the difference between unsafe & unwise
• Saying "uncle" i.e. Go-around, reject, abort.

Loss of situational awareness occurs when:

• Failure to meet targets
• Use of undocumented procedures
• Violating minimums & limitations
• No one flying the aircraft
• No one looking out the window (human TCAS)
• No checklists
• Incomplete communication
• Ambiguity
• Unresolved discrepancies
• Fixation or preoccupation

Most common errors:

54% Intentional non-compliance with Policies & Regulations
29% Procedural
8% Communication
6% Operational Decision
5% Proficiency

Why is failure to follow policies & regulations so high?  

• Inadvertent failure to comply related to:
• Attention 
• Memory 
• Attitude 
• Stress
• Intentional failure to comply related to:
• Mind traps 
• Get it done quick 
• Disregard for “silly” rules 
• Pressure (ridicule from peers or authority)
• Unwise commands

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